Lithium batteries are now crucial for modern portable electronics. They provide long life, lightweight, and dependable power. You can find lithium batteries in many places, from medical devices to industrial sensors. One type that stands out is the ER battery. It is known for its strong features and reliability. This article will give you all the details about the ER 3.6V lithium battery. We will discuss its specifications, uses, benefits, and essential points to help you make good choices.
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The ER battery is a small yet powerful lithium battery for long-term, low-drain uses. It works using lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl₂) chemistry. This battery supplies a steady 3.6 volts, which helps electronic devices run well. It has a cylindrical AAA size (10.0×45 mm) and a capacity of 800mAh. Its compact design allows it to fit in tight spaces while still giving excellent performance. The battery cannot be recharged and is usually found in devices that need reliable power for a long time without any maintenance. You will often see the ER 3.6V battery in smart meters, medical devices, and alarm systems.
Knowing the information in an ER lithium battery datasheet is important. Here are the main details of the ER 3.6V lithium battery in a simple table:
Specification Detail Type Non-rechargeable lithium battery Chemistry Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SoCl2) Nominal Voltage 3.6V Nominal Capacity 800mAh Max Continuous Discharge Current 10 mA Max Pulse Discharge Current 20 mA Dimension AAA size; Diameter: 10.0mm; Height: 45.0mm Weight 9g Operating Temp. -55°C to +85°C Self-Discharge Rate ≤1% per year at 25°C Shelf Life Up to 10 years Terminal Options Standard, Solder Tabs, Axial Pins, CustomManufacturers like Pkcell offer detailed datasheets. Knowing these technical details helps you get the best performance and fit for your devices.
The ER lithium battery is well-liked. It offers many strong features while being small and compact.
These features make the ER 3.6V lithium battery an excellent option for professionals who want a reliable power source.
The ER battery is used in a lot of industries and devices. Here are five common uses and reasons why this battery is very effective in each one:
Smart meters for electricity, gas, or water need batteries that can last for years without needing to be replaced. The ER battery is a great choice because it lasts a long time, does not lose its charge quickly, and has a lot of energy. It helps keep these meters working correctly and allows them to record and send usage data, even when used outside.
The ER lithium battery is excellent for small lighting devices like LED flashlights, headlamps, and safety lights. These devices need a steady and reliable voltage to stay bright for a long time. The ER has high energy density, a small size, and a long shelf life. This makes it perfect for emergency lighting kits and portable lights, especially when space is tight, and performance is key.
Medical devices like insulin pumps, hearing aids, and electronic thermometers need reliable and safe power. The ER 3.6V lithium battery provides steady voltage and has outstanding safety features. It uses non-flammable materials and has a sealed design. This makes it perfect for critical medical uses where a failure would be unacceptable.
Tracking devices need to be small, light, and able to last a long time. This is true whether you track shipping containers, cars, or precious items. The ER battery is a great choice. It has a high energy density and a small size, making it easy to use in compact trackers. It also gives reliable power during long shipments.
Security sensors and alarms need to be prepared to work when needed, even if they haven't been used for years. The ER lithium battery is perfect for this. It has a storage life of 10 years and a low self-discharge rate. This makes it a trusted power source for smoke detectors, intrusion alarms, and panic buttons.
Choosing the right ER battery matters a lot. A good ER 3.6V lithium battery helps your device perform better and last longer. It can be simple if you pay attention to a few crucial factors:
Power Requirements | Working Conditions | Size Match | Brand and Quality | Price and Order Amount
Using a battery that fits correctly leads to better performance and less need for replacements. If you need help, read our full tips: "The Considerations of Choosing the Right Battery for Devices."
The ER 3.6V lithium battery is mostly safe. However, like all lithium batteries, it needs to be used and stored properly. Here are some easy safety tips:
Keep Batteries in a Cool, Dry Place | Do Not Recharge | Avoid Short Circuits | Don't Crush, Drop, or Open it
Check Batteries Regularly | Keep Away from Kids and Pets | Dispose of Used Batteries Properly
Taking these precautions allows you to use ER batteries safely and effectively in any situation. These easy habits protect your devices and help your ER batteries last longer. Want more advice? Check out our blog: "Battery Maintenance and Safety Tips: A Complete Guide."
If you need reliable, strong ER batteries, choose PKCELL. They are a global battery maker with over 25 years of experience and serve customers in more than 100 countries. Here are some reasons why PKCELL is a smart option for your 3.6V lithium battery needs:
For reliable ER batteries, choose trusted brands like PKCELL. PKCELL ER batteries are designed to be durable and provide steady power for your devices. Contact us today for a quote or learn more about how we can assist you!
In conclusion, the ER 3.6V lithium battery is a reliable and helpful power source for many electronic devices. It is important to know its features, benefits, and safety tips. This knowledge helps your devices work well and last longer. By choosing good products and following safety rules, you can use your devices better and lower risks. Whether you buy it for personal use or work, picking the right ER battery will enhance your electronic experience. If you have questions or want to explore your options, check our FAQs or ask our experts.
The shelf life lasts up to 10 years. It can power a device for several years based on how you use it. It also has a very low self-discharge rate. This rate is less than 1% yearly when kept at room temperature.
The ER battery is wonderful for harsh outdoor conditions. It can work well in a wide temperature range from -55°C to +85°C. This makes it good for both hot and very cold places.
Post time: Apr-24-BU-302: Configuraciones de Baterías en Serie y Paralelo (Español)
Batteries achieve the desired operating voltage by connecting several cells in series; each cell adds its voltage potential to derive at the total terminal voltage. Parallel connection attains higher capacity by adding up the total ampere-hour (Ah).
Some packs may consist of a combination of series and parallel connections. Laptop batteries commonly have four 3.6V Li-ion cells in series to achieve a nominal voltage 14.4V and two in parallel to boost the capacity from 2,400mAh to 4,800mAh. Such a configuration is called 4s2p, meaning four cells in series and two in parallel. Insulating foil between the cells prevents the conductive metallic skin from causing an electrical short.
Most battery chemistries lend themselves to series and parallel connection. It is important to use the same battery type with equal voltage and capacity (Ah) and never to mix different makes and sizes. A weaker cell would cause an imbalance. This is especially critical in a series configuration because a battery is only as strong as the weakest link in the chain. An analogy is a chain in which the links represent the cells of a battery connected in series (Figure 1).
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Chain links represent cells in series to increase voltage, doubling a link denotes parallel connection to boost current loading.A weak cell may not fail immediately but will get exhausted more quickly than the strong ones when on a load. On charge, the low cell fills up before the strong ones because there is less to fill and it remains in over-charge longer than the others. On discharge, the weak cell empties first and gets hammered by the stronger brothers. Cells in multi-packs must be matched, especially when used under heavy loads. (See BU-803a: Cell Mismatch, Balancing).
The single-cell configuration is the simplest battery pack; the cell does not need matching and the protection circuit on a small Li-ion cell can be kept simple. Typical examples are mobile phones and tablets with one 3.60V Li-ion cell. Other uses of a single cell are wall clocks, which typically use a 1.5V alkaline cell, wristwatches and memory backup, most of which are very low power applications.
The nominal cell voltage for a nickel-based battery is 1.2V, alkaline is 1.5V; silver-oxide is 1.6V and lead acid is 2.0V. Primary lithium batteries range between 3.0V and 3.9V. Li-ion is 3.6V; Li-phosphate is 3.2V and Li-titanate is 2.4V.
Li-manganese and other lithium-based systems often use cell voltages of 3.7V and higher. This has less to do with chemistry than promoting a higher watt-hour (Wh), which is made possible with a higher voltage. The argument goes that a low internal cell resistance keeps the voltage high under load. For operational purposes these cells go as 3.6V candidates. (See BU-303 Confusion with Voltages)
Portable equipment needing higher voltages use battery packs with two or more cells connected in series. Figure 2 shows a battery pack with four 3.6V Li-ion cells in series, also known as 4S, to produce 14.4V nominal. In comparison, a six-cell lead acid string with 2V/cell will generate 12V, and four alkaline with 1.5V/cell will give 6V.
If you need an odd voltage of, say, 9.50 volts, connect five lead acid, eight NiMH or NiCd, or three Li-ion in series. The end battery voltage does not need to be exact as long as it is higher than what the device specifies. A 12V supply might work in lieu of 9.50V. Most battery-operated devices can tolerate some over-voltage; the end-of-discharge voltage must be respected, however.
High voltage batteries keep the conductor size small. Cordless power tools run on 12V and 18V batteries; high-end models use 24V and 36V. Most e-bikes come with 36V Li-ion, some are 48V. The car industry wanted to increase the starter battery from 12V (14V) to 36V, better known as 42V, by placing 18 lead acid cells in series. Logistics of changing the electrical components and arcing problems on mechanical switches derailed the move.
Some mild hybrid cars run on 48V Li-ion and use DC-DC conversion to 12V for the electrical system. Starting the engine is often done by a separate 12V lead acid battery. Early hybrid cars ran on a 148V battery; electric vehicles are typically 450–500V. Such a battery needs more than 100 Li-ion cells connected in series.
High-voltage batteries require careful cell matching, especially when drawing heavy loads or when operating at cold temperatures. With multiple cells connected in a string, the possibility of one cell failing is real and this would cause a failure. To prevent this from happening, a solid state switch in some large packs bypasses the failing cell to allow continued current flow, albeit at a lower string voltage.
Cell matching is a challenge when replacing a faulty cell in an aging pack. A new cell has a higher capacity than the others, causing an imbalance. Welded construction adds to the complexity of the repair, and this is why battery packs are commonly replaced as a unit.
High-voltage batteries in electric vehicles, in which a full replacement would be prohibitive, divide the pack into modules, each consisting of a specific number of cells. If one cell fails, only the affected module is replaced. A slight imbalance might occur if the new module is fitted with new cells. (See BU-910: How to Repair a Battery Pack)
Figure 3 illustrates a battery pack in which “cell 3” produces only 2.8V instead of the full nominal 3.6V. With depressed operating voltage, this battery reaches the end-of-discharge point sooner than a normal pack. The voltage collapses and the device turns off with a “Low Battery” message.
Batteries in drones and remote controls for hobbyist requiring high load current often exhibit an unexpected voltage drop if one cell in a string is weak. Drawing maximum current stresses frail cells, leading to a possible crash. Reading the voltage after a charge does not identify this anomaly; examining the cell-balance or checking the capacity with a battery analyzer will.
There is a common practice to tap into the series string of a lead acid array to obtain a lower voltage. Heavy duty equipment running on a 24V battery bank may need a 12V supply for an auxiliary operation and this voltage is conveniently available at the half-way point.
Tapping is not recommended because it creates a cell imbalance as one side of the battery bank is loaded more than the other. Unless the disparity can be corrected by a special charger, the side effect is a shorter battery life. Here is why:
When charging an imbalanced lead acid battery bank with a regular charger, the undercharged section tends to develop sulfation as the cells never receive a full charge. The high voltage section of the battery that does not receive the extra load tends to get overcharged and this leads to corrosion and loss of water due to gassing. Please note that the charger charging the entire string looks at the average voltage and terminates the charge accordingly.
Tapping is also common on Li-ion and nickel-based batteries and the results are similar to lead acid: reduced cycle life. (See BU-803a: Cell Matching and Balancing) Newer devices use a DC-DC converter to deliver the correct voltage. Electric and hybrid vehicles, alternatively, use a separate low-voltage battery for the auxiliary system.
If higher currents are needed and larger cells are not available or do not fit the design constraint, one or more cells can be connected in parallel. Most battery chemistries allow parallel configurations with little side effect. Figure 4 illustrates four cells connected in parallel in a P4 arrangement. The nominal voltage of the illustrated pack remains at 3.60V, but the capacity (Ah) and runtime are increased fourfold.
A cell that develops high resistance or opens is less critical in a parallel circuit than in a series configuration, but a failing cell will reduce the total load capability. It’s like an engine only firing on three cylinders instead of on all four. An electrical short, on the other hand, is more serious as the faulty cell drains energy from the other cells, causing a fire hazard. Most so-called electrical shorts are mild and manifest themselves as elevated self-discharge.
A total short can occur through reverse polarization or dendrite growth. Large packs often include a fuse that disconnects the failing cell from the parallel circuit if it were to short. Figure 5 illustrates a parallel configuration with one faulty cell.
A weak cell will not affect the voltage but provide a low runtime due to reduced capacity. A shorted cell could cause excessive heat and become a fire hazard. On larger packs a fuse prevents high current by isolating the cell.
The series/parallel configuration shown in Figure 6 enables design flexibility and achieves the desired voltage and current ratings with a standard cell size. The total power is the sum of voltage times current; a 3.6V (nominal) cell multiplied by 3,400mAh produces 12.24Wh. Four Energy Cells of 3,400mAh each can be connected in series and parallel as shown to get 7.2V nominal and a total of 48.96Wh. A combination with 8 cells would produce 97.92Wh, the allowable limit for carry on an aircraft or shipped without Class 9 hazardous material. (See BU-704a: Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by Air) The slim cell allows flexible pack design but a protection circuit is needed.
Li-ion lends itself well to series/parallel configurations but the cells need monitoring to stay within voltage and current limits. Integrated circuits (ICs) for various cell combinations are available to supervise up to 13 Li-ion cells. Larger packs need custom circuits, and this applies to e-bike batteries, hybrid cars and the Tesla Model 85 that devours over cells to make up the 90kWh pack.
The battery industry specifies the number of cells in series first, followed by the cells placed in parallel. An example is 2s2p. With Li-ion, the parallel strings are always made first; the completed parallel units are then placed in series. Li-ion is a voltage based system that lends itself well for parallel formation. Combining several cells into a parallel and then adding the units serially reduces complexity in terms of voltages control for pack protection.
Building series strings first and then placing them in in parallel may be more common with NiCd packs to satisfy the chemical shuttle mechanism that balances charge at the top of charge. “2s2p” is common; white papers have been issued that refer to 2p2s when a serial string is paralleled.
Positive Temperature Coefficient Switches (PTC) and Charge Interrupt Devices (CID) protect the battery from overcurrent and excessive pressure. While recommended for safety in a smaller 2- or 3-cell pack with serial and parallel configuration, these protection devices are often being omitted in larger multi-cell batteries, such as those for power tool. The PTC and CID work as expected to switch of the cell on excessive current and internal cell pressure; however the shutdown occurs in cascade format. While some cells may go offline early, the load current causes excess current on the remaining cells. Such overload condition could lead to a thermal runaway before the remaining safety devices activate.
Some cells have built-in PCT and CID; these protection devices can also be added retroactively. The design engineer must be aware than any safety device is subject to failure. In addition, the PTC induces a small internal resistance that reduces the load current. (See also BU-304b: Making Lithium-ion Safe)
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