Lithium-ion is named for its active materials; the words are either written in full or shortened by their chemical symbols. A series of letters and numbers strung together can be hard to remember and even harder to pronounce, and battery chemistries are also identified in abbreviated letters.
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For example, lithium cobalt oxide, one of the most common Li-ions, has the chemical symbols LiCoO2 and the abbreviation LCO. For reasons of simplicity, the short form Li-cobalt can also be used for this battery. Cobalt is the main active material that gives this battery character. Other Li-ion chemistries are given similar short-form names. This section lists six of the most common Li-ions. All readings are average estimates at time of writing.
Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). Figure 1 illustrates the structure.
The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). Like other cobalt-blended Li-ion, Li-cobalt has a graphite anode that limits the cycle life by a changing solid electrolyte interface (SEI), thickening on the anode and lithium plating while fast charging and charging at low temperature. Newer systems include nickel, manganese and/or aluminum to improve longevity, loading capabilities and cost.
Li-cobalt should not be charged and discharged at a current higher than its C-rating. This means that an cell with 2,400mAh can only be charged and discharged at 2,400mA. Forcing a fast charge or applying a load higher than 2,400mA causes overheating and undue stress. For optimal fast charge, the manufacturer recommends a C-rate of 0.8C or about 2,000mA. (See BU-402: What is C-rate). The mandatory battery protection circuit limits the charge and discharge rate to a safe level of about 1C for the Energy Cell.
The hexagonal spider graphic (Figure 2) summarizes the performance of Li-cobalt in terms of specific energy or capacity that relates to runtime; specific power or the ability to deliver high current; safety; performance at hot and cold temperatures; life span reflecting cycle life and longevity; and cost. Other characteristics of interest not shown in the spider webs are toxicity, fast-charge capabilities, self-discharge and shelf life. (See BU-104c: The Octagon Battery – What makes a Battery a Battery).
The Li-cobalt is losing favor to Li-manganese, but especially NMC and NCA because of the high cost of cobalt and improved performance by blending with other active cathode materials. (See description of the NMC and NCA below.)
Li-ion with manganese spinel was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in . In , Moli Energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as cathode material. The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.
Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an package, Li-manganese can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C (176°F). Li-manganese is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.
Figure 4 illustrates the formation of a three-dimensional crystalline framework on the cathode of a Li-manganese battery. This spinel structure, which is usually composed of diamond shapes connected into a lattice, appears after initial formation.
Li-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower than Li-cobalt. Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the cell has a moderate capacity of only 1,100mAh; the high-capacity version is 1,500mAh.
Figure 5 shows the spider web of a typical Li-manganese battery. The characteristics appear marginal but newer designs have improved in terms of specific power, safety and life span. Pure Li-manganese batteries are no longer common today; they may only be used for special applications.
Most Li-manganese batteries blend with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO (NMC) is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.
Li-ion research gravitates heavily towards combining Li-manganese with cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminum as active cathode material. In some architecture, a small amount of silicon is added to the anode. This provides a 25 percent capacity boost; however, the gain is commonly connected with a shorter cycle life as silicon grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, causing mechanical stress.
These three active metals, as well as the silicon enhancement can conveniently be chosen to enhance the specific energy (capacity), specific power (load capability) or longevity. While consumer batteries go for high capacity, industrial applications require battery systems that have good loading capabilities, deliver a long life and provide safe and dependable service.
One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4,000mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.
The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main ingredients, sodium and chloride, are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability; manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other strengths.
NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. Cobalt is expensive and in limited supply. Battery manufacturers are reducing the cobalt content with some compromise in performance. A successful combination is NCM532 with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese. Other combinations are NMC622 and NMC811. Cobalt stabilizes nickel, a high energy active material.
New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4V/cell and higher to boost capacity. Figure 7 demonstrates the characteristics of the NMC.
There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion as the system can be built economically and it achieves a good performance. The three active materials of nickel, manganese and cobalt can easily be blended to suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC family is growing in its diversity.
In , the University of Texas (and other contributors) discovered phosphate as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.
Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. (See BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries). As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduces the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion. With most batteries, cold temperature reduces performance and elevated storage temperature shortens the service life, and Li-phosphate is no exception. Li-phosphate has a higher self-discharge than other Li-ion batteries, which can cause balancing issues with aging. This can be mitigated by buying high quality cells and/or using sophisticated control electronics, both of which increase the cost of the pack. Cleanliness in manufacturing is of importance for longevity. There is no tolerance for moisture, lest the battery will only deliver 50 cycles. Figure 9 summarizes the attributes of Li-phosphate.
Li-phosphate is often used to replace the lead acid starter battery. Four cells in series produce 12.80V, a similar voltage to six 2V lead acid cells in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.40V (2.40V/cell) and maintain a topping charge. Topping charge is applied to maintain full charge level and prevent sulfation on lead acid batteries.
With four Li-phosphate cells in series, each cell tops at 3.60V, which is the correct full-charge voltage. At this point, the charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving. Li-phosphate is tolerant to some overcharge; however, keeping the voltage at 14.40V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long road trip, could stress Li-phosphate. Time will tell how durable Li-Phosphate will be as a lead acid replacement with a regular vehicle charging system. Cold temperature also reduces performance of Li-ion and this could affect the cranking ability in extreme cases.
See Lithium Manganese Iron Phosphate (LMFP) for manganese enhanced L-phosphate.
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. Less flattering are safety and cost. Figure 11 summarizes the six key characteristics. NCA is a further development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminum gives the chemistry greater stability.
Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the s. Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at –30°C (–22°F).
LTO (commonly Li4Ti5O12) has advantages over the conventional cobalt-blended Li-ion with graphite anode by attaining zero-strain property, no SEI film formation and no lithium plating when fast charging and charging at low temperature. Thermal stability under high temperature is also better than other Li-ion systems; however, the battery is expensive. At only 65Wh/kg, the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd. Li-titanate charges to 2.80V/cell, and the end of discharge is 1.80V/cell. Figure 13 illustrates the characteristics of the Li-titanate battery. Typical uses are electric powertrains, UPS and solar-powered street lighting.
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Figure 15 compares the specific energy of lead-, nickel- and lithium-based systems. While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy. In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior. Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance. Moving towards the electric powertrain, safety and cycle life will gain dominance over capacity. (LCO stands for Li-cobalt, the original Li-ion.)
Batteries play a key role in our daily lives. They power many devices, from remote controls to advanced medical machines. Among the many types of batteries, lithium batteries are known for their high energy and excellent performance. A specific type to mention is the CR battery. You can commonly find it in GPS devices, alarm systems, and medical tools. In this guide, we will explain everything about CR batteries. We will talk about their benefits, uses, and more.
The CR battery is a lithium battery that cannot be recharged. The "CR" means it has lithium manganese dioxide (LiMnO2) inside. These batteries look like cylinders, and the numbers "" describe their size. The first number, 17, is the width in millimeters. The second number, 45, is the height in millimeters.
The CR battery works at a normal voltage of 3 volts. It has a good energy capacity, making it suitable for many electronic devices. This battery is small and performs reliably. It is known for having a high energy density and stable power delivery. These features make the CR 3v battery a popular choice for devices that need long-lasting and dependable power. This includes medical instruments, security systems, and utility meters.
Understanding the technical details of the CR battery is essential. This will help you decide if it is right for your needs. Here is a table with its main specifications:
Specification Detail Type Non-rechargeable lithium battery Chemistry Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2) Nominal Voltage 3V Nominal Capacity - mAh Standard Discharge Current 10 mA Dimension Diameter: 17mm; Height: 45.0mm Weight Around 25g Operating Temperature -40°C to +85°C Self-Discharge Rate ≤1% per year at 25°C Shelf Life Up to 10 years Terminal Options PC pins, tabs, solder tabs, leads, wire, cable, connectors, etc.These details may change a bit based on the maker and the particular battery model.
The CR lithium battery has several essential features that make it popular:
The CR1/3N battery's compact and durable provide several small devices with reliable and consistent power. Here are some common applications where it is widely used:
CR batteries are great for GPS devices. They are small, light, and have a long life. Their reliable voltage makes them easy to trust. These batteries work well in extreme temperatures. This quality makes them a good choice for outdoor and handheld GPS units. They are perfect for activities like hiking, navigation, and fieldwork.
Medical devices like glucose meters, pressure monitors, and portable diagnostic tools need safe, dependable, and long-lasting batteries. CR lithium batteries give a steady voltage. This means you can expect consistent readings and good performance. With a long-lasting battery, you won't need to replace it often. The CR 3v battery offers reliable, lasting power that is important for keeping patients safe and ensuring accurate diagnostics.
Security systems need constant power to keep us safe, and CR lithium batteries are a good option. You can often find them in alarm panels, smoke detectors, and smart locks. This is because they last long and don't lose their charge quickly. The CR batteries' ability to keep their charge and work well in different temperatures means they can perform reliably. This is very important for security systems that must work all day and night without stopping.
CR lithium batteries are used in electronics to keep memories safe. Their long shelf life and steady voltage help retain data in devices like computers and controllers during power outages, ensuring important settings aren't lost. They can keep vital information like BIOS settings, system clocks, and configuration data. This makes them a reliable option for both regular and business electronics.
Electricity, gas, and water meters often sit in far-off or hard-to-reach places. They need batteries that can last several years without requiring upkeep. One common choice is CR batteries. These batteries are popular because they have a high capacity and a long shelf life. They also work well in different environments. Their low self-discharge rate means they can power utility meters for ten years or more. This allows for accurate and steady data readings that utilities rely on for billing and monitoring.
CR lithium batteries are crucial for car electronics. You can find them in dashboard sensors, tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), and keyless entry systems. These parts require small yet powerful batteries that work well with temperature changes in a car. The CR batteries can resist heat, do not leak, and can handle vibrations. This is why they are perfect for the challenging environment found in automotive electronics.
Choosing the right CR 3v battery is important for your device to work properly and safely for a long time. Using the wrong battery can lead to bad performance, damage to your device, or safety problems. To help you make a good choice, remember these tips:
Know Your Device Needs | Check Operating Conditions | Fit and Size Matter | Choose Trusted Brands | Balance Price and Quantity
Need more help? Check out our complete guide: "The Considerations of Choosing the Right Battery for Devices."
CR lithium batteries are safe when used properly, but following some safety rules is critical. Since they contain lithium, a strong and reactive metal, you should handle them carefully. When used correctly, the CR battery is effective and safe. However, misuse can lead to issues. Here are some easy safety tips:
Keep in a Cool and Dry Place | Never Try to Recharge | Avoid Short Circuits | Avoid Dropping or Crushing
Check it often for Signs of Damage or Wear | Keep Away from Kids and Pets | Throw away safely
Following these simple steps can help your battery CR to last longer and work safely. If you want to learn more, read our full article: "Battery Maintenance and Safety Tips: A Complete Guide."
When you buy CR lithium batteries, it's very important to choose a reliable supplier. This way, you can ensure you get a good and dependable product. If you need a trusted supplier for CR batteries, Pkcell can help.
Pkcell has been a reliable brand for making lithium batteries in China since . We provide high-quality CR batteries to clients in more than 100 countries.
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It is key to understand the basics of CR batteries for better performance. The CR battery offers high energy density and steady voltage. It also lasts a long time on the shelf. It works well in extreme conditions and performs reliably. This makes it a great option for everyday gadgets and important equipment. Whether you need power for a medical monitor or to support your home security with wireless sensors, the CR battery keeps your devices running well. When you pick a trusted supplier like PKCELL, you get quality, safety, and peace of mind for your battery needs.
It is crucial to dispose of CR batteries correctly because they contain lithium. You should not put them in regular trash. Instead, you should take them to special battery recycling centers or collection locations. This way, you help ensure they are disposed of properly and reduce harm to the earth.
No, CR 3v batteries are made with lithium manganese dioxide. This means they cannot be recharged. Trying to recharge them can be dangerous. It may harm the battery or the charger.
To fully utilize your CR lithium batteries, store them in a cool and dry spot. Don't place them in very hot or very cold areas. It's also important to look after your devices. This helps to lessen battery drain when you are not using them.
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Post time: Apr-08-