The cost range for bronze statues can vary based on size and complexity. Generally speaking, the price of bronze statues ranges from $500 to $20,000. Small-sized statues typically range from $500 to $1,000, while medium-sized statues can cost between $1,000 and $20,000. Large-scale or monumental statues can range from $20,000 to several hundred thousand or even millions of dollars.
If you want to learn more, please visit our website.
These prices are influenced by factors such as size, complexity, level of detail, artist reputation, materials used, customization, and client preferences. It’s important to consult with YouFine artists directly and obtain quotes for accurate estimates, as each project’s cost is determined by specific details and negotiations.
The cost range for small-sized bronze statues typically falls between $500 and $1,000. These statues are usually around 12 to 18 inches in height and involve simpler designs and fewer intricate details compared to larger sculptures.
The price range for medium-sized bronze statues varies from $1,000 to $20,000. These sculptures are generally between 18 inches and 3 feet in height and may feature more complex designs and finer details. The cost increases as the size and level of intricacy increase.
Large-scale or monumental bronze statues could range in price from $20,000 to several hundred thousand dollars or even millions of dollars. These statues are typically larger than 3 feet and could reach towering heights. The cost is influenced by factors such as size, complexity, level of detail, and the reputation and demand for the artist’s work.
At YouFine Foundry, our bronze statues are more affordable and competitively priced. We are a direct factory, our artists have been casting bronze figures and animal statues for generations, and we are very good at casting life-size and oversized bronze landmark sculptures. In particular, we have numerous clay models with life-size sculptures. These statues come in sizes of 6 feet. Their prices range from US$1,500 to US$5,000. Especially the 6-foot bronze figures and animal statues of our existing clay models are more affordable.
It’s important to note that the prices mentioned above are general estimates and could vary significantly based on several factors. These factors include the artist’s reputation, skill, and experience; the uniqueness and complexity of the design; the materials used; the level of customization or personalization; and the specific requirements and preferences of the client. Each sculpture is unique, and the final price is determined through negotiations between the artist and the client, taking into account these various factors.
It’s advisable to consult with the artist directly or obtain quotes from multiple artists to get a more accurate estimate for the desired bronze statue, as each project’s cost could vary depending on specific details and requirements.
Bronze sculptures are renowned for their beauty, durability, and artistic value. However, the cost of creating a bronze sculpture could vary significantly based on several factors. Understanding these factors could help individuals and art enthusiasts make informed decisions when considering the purchase or commissioning of a bronze sculpture.
Factors that influence the cost of bronze sculptures include the size and scale of the artwork, the complexity and level of detail involved, the reputation and skill of the artist, and any customization or personalization requests. Larger sculptures generally require more materials and time to create, which could contribute to higher costs. Similarly, sculptures with intricate details and complex designs may involve additional craftsmanship and expertise, resulting in a higher price tag.
The reputation and skill of the artist also play a role in determining the cost of a bronze sculpture. Artists with established reputations and extensive experience often command higher prices for their work. Their expertise and artistic vision contribute to the overall value of the sculpture.
Customization and personalization are other factors that could influence the cost of a bronze sculpture. If individuals have specific design requests or want a unique, one-of-a-kind sculpture, the artist may need to invest more time and effort into the project, leading to higher costs.
It’s important to note that additional costs may be associated with bronze sculptures, such as installation and transportation expenses, as well as ongoing maintenance and preservation costs. Proper installation and transportation require specialized knowledge and equipment, which could incur additional charges. Regular maintenance, cleaning, repairs, and the application of protective coatings are essential for preserving the sculpture’s integrity and may contribute to the overall cost of ownership.
By considering these factors and understanding the cost range for bronze sculptures, individuals could make informed decisions when investing in these timeless and captivating art pieces.
The size of a sculpture plays a significant role in determining its cost. Larger sculptures generally require more materials, labor, and resources, resulting in higher expenses. Here’s a discussion on how the size of a sculpture influences its cost and the challenges associated with constructing larger sculptures:
Materials: Larger sculptures require a greater quantity of bronze or other materials, leading to increased material costs. Bronze is typically priced by weight, so a larger sculpture would naturally incur higher material expenses.
Labor and Time: Creating a larger sculpture demands more time and effort from the artist and their team. The intricate process of sculpting, casting, and finishing becomes more complex and time-consuming, which could increase the labor costs involved.
Equipment and Facilities: Constructing larger sculptures often requires specialized equipment, tools, and facilities. The size and weight of the sculpture may necessitate heavy-duty machinery, larger kilns for casting, and adequate workspace. Acquiring and maintaining such equipment and facilities could contribute to the overall expenses.
Transportation and Installation: Larger sculptures are more challenging to transport and install due to their size and weight. Specialized equipment and professional services may be required for safe transportation and proper installation, leading to additional costs.
Site Preparation and Foundation: Installing larger sculptures may involve site preparation and the construction of a sturdy foundation to support the artwork’s weight and ensure its stability. These preparations could add to the overall cost of the sculpture.
Artistic Challenges: Creating a larger sculpture presents artistic challenges as well. The artist must consider the structural integrity, balance, and aesthetics of the artwork on a larger scale. Scaling up the design while maintaining intricate details and proportions requires a high level of skill and expertise, which could influence the cost.
Maintenance and Conservation: Larger sculptures often require more extensive maintenance and conservation efforts. Regular cleaning, preservation treatments, and occasional repairs become more labor-intensive and time-consuming, contributing to the overall cost of ownership.
It is important to consider these factors when commissioning or purchasing a larger sculpture. The increased size brings about additional challenges and expenses, but it also offers a unique and impactful artistic statement. By understanding the implications of size on cost, individuals could make informed decisions and appreciate the craftsmanship and artistry that goes into creating larger sculptures.
The complexity of details and intricate designs could significantly influence the cost of a bronze sculpture. Here’s a discussion on how complex details affect the cost:
Labor Intensity: Sculptures with intricate details require a higher level of craftsmanship and precision. The artist needs to invest more time and effort into sculpting the intricate features, which could increase labor costs.
Skill and Expertise: Creating complex details requires advanced artistic skills and expertise. Artists with exceptional craftsmanship and experience may charge higher fees for their specialized abilities to capture intricate textures, facial expressions, or delicate elements.
Material Consumption: Elaborate designs often require more material usage. Intricate sculptures may have additional protrusions, textures, or fine elements that necessitate the use of additional bronze, which could contribute to higher material costs.
Production Challenges: Complex details may present technical challenges during the casting and finishing processes. Molds for intricate designs require greater intricacy and precision, and the casting process may require more time and attention to capture and reproduce the fine details accurately.
High-detail bronze sculptures require specific processes and techniques to bring out the intricacies. Here are some key points related to the craftsmanship involved:
Fine Artistic Techniques: Achieving high detail in a bronze sculpture often involves the use of various artistic techniques, such as carving, engraving, or chasing. These techniques require a high level of skill and expertise to meticulously shape and refine the details.
Patination and Finishing: The patination process, which adds color and texture to the sculpture’s surface, plays a crucial role in highlighting intricate details. Applying patina requires careful control and precision to ensure that the details are enhanced without compromising the overall aesthetics.
Surface Treatment: High-detail sculptures may require additional surface treatments to refine and emphasize specific elements. This could involve techniques like polishing, texturing, or applying specialized coatings to accentuate the details and create visual impact.
Quality Control: Producing high-detail sculptures necessitates rigorous quality control measures. Close attention must be paid to ensure that each detail is accurately replicated and meets the artist’s vision. This level of quality control requires additional time and effort, contributing to the overall cost.
Creating high-detail bronze sculptures is a labor-intensive and intricate process that demands exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail. The artistic skill, additional material usage, and specialized techniques involved in capturing intricate designs all contribute to the cost of these unique and remarkable artworks.
Explaining how renowned artists charge higher prices for their artworks:
Reputation and Recognition: Famous artists have built a reputation and gained recognition for their exceptional talent and artistic contributions. Their established name and brand value allow them to command higher prices for their sculptures. Collectors and art enthusiasts are willing to pay a premium for the prestige associated with owning artwork created by a well-known artist.
Demand and Market Value: Renowned artists often have a strong demand for their work, creating a competitive market where prices could increase. Limited supply and high demand contribute to the higher prices set by famous artists.
Artistic Legacy: Artists who have made significant contributions to the art world and have an established artistic legacy could justify higher prices based on their historical importance and cultural significance. Their works become part of art history, influencing the value and desirability of their sculptures.
Discussing how an artist’s skills and experience affect the cost:
Expertise and Mastery: Highly skilled artists with extensive experience in bronze sculpture possess a deep understanding of the medium and its techniques. Their mastery allows them to create intricate and visually stunning sculptures. The level of skill and expertise an artist brings to a project could justify higher prices due to the quality and craftsmanship exhibited in their work.
Artistic Vision and Creativity: Artists who demonstrate unique artistic vision and creative approaches could offer original and captivating sculptures. Their ability to conceive innovative designs and execute them with precision and creativity adds value to their work, warranting higher prices.
Technical Proficiency: Artists proficient in various technical aspects of bronze sculpture, such as casting, patination, and finishing, could deliver exceptional results. Their technical expertise ensures the highest level of craftsmanship and attention to detail, which could contribute to higher costs.
Portfolio and Exhibition Record: A diverse and impressive portfolio, along with a strong exhibition record, could enhance an artist’s reputation and market value. Artists who have exhibited their work in prestigious galleries or participated in renowned art events may command higher prices due to their established track record and the exposure they have received.
The combination of an artist’s reputation, demand, artistic legacy, skills, experience, and creativity all play a role in determining the higher prices charged by renowned artists. Collectors and art enthusiasts recognize and appreciate the value that these artists bring to their sculptures, making them desirable and sought after in the art market.
Customized or personalized statues may have higher costs due to the following factors:
Unique Design Requirements: Custom statues often involve specific design requests from clients, such as incorporating personal elements, specific themes, or detailed features. The artist needs to spend additional time and effort to understand and translate the client’s vision into a sculptural form. This customization process may require multiple iterations, consultations, and revisions, leading to increased costs.
Materials and Resources: Creating a customized statue may involve sourcing unique materials or specialized resources to fulfill the client’s requirements. These materials may be more expensive or require additional effort to acquire, increasing the overall cost of the sculpture.
Artistic Expertise and Collaboration: Customized statues often require close collaboration between the client and the artist. The artist’s expertise and ability to translate the client’s ideas into a tangible sculpture are vital. This collaborative process may involve additional consultations, concept development, and communication, which could contribute to higher costs.
Limited Edition or One-of-a-kind: Customized statues are often produced as limited editions or one-of-a-kind pieces. The exclusivity and rarity of these sculptures could drive up the cost, as they hold a higher value for collectors and individuals seeking unique artworks.
Creating unique designs involves additional time and effort for the following reasons:
Conceptualization and Design Development: Designing a unique sculpture requires extensive brainstorming, research, and ideation. The artist needs to invest time in conceptualizing a distinctive and original design that aligns with the client’s vision and preferences. This process could be time-consuming and involves experimentation and exploration of various design possibilities.
Prototyping and Mock-ups: To ensure the client’s satisfaction and to visualize the final sculpture accurately, the artist may create prototypes or mock-ups. These physical or digital representations help the client visualize the design before committing to the final sculpture. Developing and refining these prototypes could add extra time and effort to the overall process.
Fine-tuning and Detailing: Unique designs often involve intricate details, complex features, or unconventional forms. Achieving the desired level of precision and craftsmanship requires meticulous attention to detail and skillful execution. The artist may need to spend more time perfecting the intricacies of the sculpture, resulting in increased effort and cost.
Iterations and Revisions: Creating a unique design may involve a collaborative process with the client, where feedback and revisions are incorporated. The artist may need to make adjustments, refine certain aspects, or explore alternative ideas based on client input. These iterations and revisions could prolong the creation process and require additional effort.
Creating unique designs for customized sculptures demands extra time and effort to ensure the client’s vision is accurately captured and executed. The artist’s dedication to bringing the client’s personalized concept to life adds value to the sculpture but also contributes to higher costs.
Installing and transporting bronze statues could incur additional expenses that should be considered in the overall cost. The process of installation involves careful planning, site preparation, and the use of specialized equipment and tools. Depending on the size and weight of the statue, professional riggers, and installers may be required to ensure safe and secure placement.
Transportation costs could also vary depending on the distance and logistics involved. Large or heavy bronze statues may require specialized vehicles, such as cranes or flatbed trucks, for transportation. Additionally, protective packaging and crating may be necessary to safeguard the statue during transit, adding to the overall expenses.
The installation and transportation of bronze statues typically require the expertise of professionals who specialize in handling and moving artworks. These professionals have the necessary knowledge and experience to ensure the safe handling, transportation, and installation of the statues.
Professional assistance is important to mitigate risks of damage to the sculpture and to ensure the safety of those involved in the process. They are equipped with specialized tools and equipment, such as cranes, hoists, and rigging systems, which are essential for lifting and positioning heavy statues accurately.
Engaging professional services not only helps protect the artwork but also provides peace of mind, knowing that experienced individuals are overseeing the installation and transportation process. It is recommended to work closely with art logistics companies or specialized art handlers who have expertise in handling and transporting valuable and delicate artworks like bronze statues.
Regular maintenance and preservation are essential for bronze statues to ensure their longevity, aesthetic appeal, and historical significance. Here are some key reasons why regular maintenance is important:
Prevention of corrosion: Bronze statues are susceptible to corrosion and oxidation over time due to exposure to environmental elements. Regular maintenance, including cleaning and application of protective coatings, helps to prevent corrosion and maintain the integrity of the statue’s surface.
Preservation of the original appearance: Bronze statues could accumulate dirt, pollutants, and other contaminants that could dull their appearance and obscure fine details. Regular cleaning helps to remove these deposits and restore the statue’s original luster, allowing its beauty and craftsmanship to shine through.
Structural integrity: Over time, bronze statues may develop cracks, loose parts, or other structural issues. Regular inspections and repairs could help identify and address these problems early on, preventing further damage and ensuring the statue’s stability and structural integrity.
Historical and cultural significance: Many bronze statues hold significant historical, cultural, and artistic value. Regular maintenance helps to preserve their historical context and cultural heritage for future generations to appreciate and study.
Costs associated with cleaning, repairs, and protective coatings for bronze statues could vary depending on various factors, including the size, complexity, condition, and location of the statue. Here are some cost considerations:
Cleaning: The cost of professional cleaning could depend on the size of the statue, the level of dirt and grime buildup, and the cleaning method used. Simple cleaning tasks may range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, while more extensive cleaning or restoration projects could cost several thousand dollars or more.
Repairs: The cost of repairs depends on the extent of damage, the complexity of the restoration work required, and the skills of the artisans involved. Minor repairs, such as addressing small cracks or reattaching loose parts, could cost a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. However, more significant repairs, such as recreating missing parts or extensive restoration, could cost several thousand dollars or more.
Protective coatings: Applying protective coatings, such as wax or sealants, is an important preventive measure to safeguard the bronze statue. The cost of protective coatings could vary depending on the size of the statue, the number of coatings needed, and the type of product used. Costs could range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars.
It’s important to note that these cost estimates are general guidelines and could vary significantly based on the specific requirements of each statute and the expertise of the professionals involved. It’s recommended to consult with experienced conservators or restoration specialists who could assess the condition of the statue and provide a detailed cost estimate tailored to its unique needs.
“The Statue of Liberty” – The iconic Statue of Liberty in New York City, USA, is estimated to have cost around $250,000 when it was completed in . Adjusted for inflation, this would be equivalent to several million dollars today.
“The Thinker” – Auguste Rodin’s famous sculpture “The Thinker” is considered one of the most recognized bronze statues in the world. Original casts of this sculpture have been sold for millions of dollars at auctions.
“David” – Michelangelo’s masterpiece “David” is a renowned marble sculpture, but there have also been bronze casts made of this iconic figure. The cost of a bronze cast of “David” could range from hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars, depending on the size and edition.
“The Spirit of Detroit” – The bronze statue of “The Spirit of Detroit” in Detroit, Michigan, USA, was commissioned in and cost approximately $58,000 at that time. Adjusted for inflation, it would be equivalent to several hundred thousand dollars today.
“Nelson Mandela Statue” – The bronze statue of Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa, was commissioned in and cost around 8 million South African Rand (approximately $550,000 at that time). This includes the cost of materials, artist fees, installation, and associated expenses.
“Albert Einstein Memorial” – The bronze statue of Albert Einstein located in Washington, D.C., USA, was commissioned in and cost around $1.5 million. This includes the cost of designing, casting, installation, and site preparation.
These examples highlight the range of costs associated with well-known and commissioned bronze statues. It’s important to note that the actual costs could vary depending on factors such as the size, complexity, location, artist’s reputation, and other specific requirements of each individual project.
Considering the various factors, it’s important to emphasize the cost range of bronze statues and encourage customers to consider their budget, needs, and desired artistic quality when making a purchase. We urge you to explore your options and make an informed decision.
If you’re interested in acquiring a bronze statue, we recommend reaching out to professionals or artists at YouFine Bronze Gallery for further inquiries or assistance. Our factory offers competitive and reasonable prices, and we have been engaged in bronze sculpture casting and exporting for over 40 years. We have provided customers from around the world with a wide range of designs, including life-size and monumental bronze sculptures at affordable prices.
Don’t hesitate to contact our knowledgeable team to discuss your specific requirements and explore the possibilities of owning a stunning bronze artwork that fits your budget and exceeds your expectations. We are here to help you bring your artistic vision to life.
How to commission a bronze sculpture; a guide
To commission a custom piece of bronze sculpture is not difficult, but it is a process. If you have never done it before here is a short guide on what to expect.
Will it be expensive? That can depend on the size, but yes, it will definitely be more expensive than something you buy from a chain store. Remember, mass production is what brings down the price on manufactured items. By its very definition, a custom piece of sculpture will be created one at a time by artists and skilled artisans.
Cost will depend on size and complexity of the design of the sculpture. Other factors can also affect the cost. Do you want to own the only one in the world? Then it will cost more. Or, do you know other people who might also like one?
I recently created a small sculpture for a person who was graduating with an MBA. Over a dozen other graduating members also bought one. Because of the numbers, I was able to work with them on the price. Here's why;
When creating a custom commission, there are three cost factors to keep in mind.
First you are paying the artist for his actual time and talent to create the sculpture. Second, to produce a bronze of the original sculpture, a mold must be made. The cost of the mold is equal to, or can even exceed the casting cost of one bronze casting. Finally, there is the cost of the casting itself. *
When multiple castings are made, even though each individual casting goes through the exact same lost wax casting method, the cost of the rubber mold and the artist's time can be spread out over a group, rather than just one.
So how would one begin if one wishes to commission a custom bronze sculpture?
There are several questions you should really ask yourself before you proceed. For instance...
If you have an idea in mind of what you want, does it already exist?
Say you want a sculpture of Abraham Lincoln sitting on a bench... several sculptors have already made versions of this idea. If you can find one that you like that is already on the market, it may save you money and time if you can buy a pre-existing model. Do your research.
However you may not like any of the pre existing sculptures, and want to commission your own. Make note of what you like and do not like about them, so you can communicate your wishes to the artist you select.
What style of sculpture do you like?
Very impressionistic, hyper realistic, or something in between? Find an artist who works in a style you are comfortable with. Review their past work. There are sculptors who are highly specialized in their subject matter. An artist who specializes in sculpting lifelike horses may not be the best choice for a portrait of a loved one.
Some artists create a wide variety of subject matters. I myself like to shake things up, and sculpt different subjects.
It can get boring to just mechanically sculpt endless variations on a single theme. Ask the artist if they would be willing to tackle your idea.
What is your budget?
Be up front with the artist about how much you would like to spend. Even if your budget is limited, if the subject is of particular interest to the artist, they may be willing to work with you. There are causes I personally support, for instance, like the Boy Scouts of America. My son and I had a good experience with this organization.
While as an artist I am not always able to support them monetarily, I can lend my talent to create artwork for them at a discount.
Alternatively, if you have enough to cover most of the basic costs, the artist may feel they can find other buyers for the finished piece. When you are covering the initial costs to produce the sculpture, the artist is that much further ahead. Then again, maybe not.
Do you feel comfortable working directly with an artist?
Artists are individuals who have chosen a non traditional career path. They can be quirky. Some have good business heads, some don't. Some are communicative, some aren't. One might work very fast, another may be very slow. Some may take constructive criticism well, others may not.
Any professional artist should be able to supply you with references who will be able to give you an idea of what to expect. If an artist has a reputation for being difficult to work with, the quality of their work may still be worth the trouble. Or it may not. How much patience do you have?
You may wish to approach an art gallery.
Art galleries represent a group of artists, and act as the artist's agent. They can recommend an artist for your specific project, and can smooth out some of the contact and financial issues. They typically charge a fee of 50%. This fee is added into the price you will pay whether for a custom commission, or a pre-existing artwork. Even if you are working directly with the artist, if they also work within a gallery system the artist may keep their prices consistent with gallery prices, so as to not undercut their relationship with the gallery owner.
Not all artists work with galleries, for a variety of reasons. Because of this, their work may be less expensive (or it may not.)
How quickly do you want it?
It takes time to create a custom commission sculpture. The artist will work at their customary speed, and depending on size and complexity, it can take weeks or months to create an original sculpture. Then it will move to the foundry for the lost wax casting. At times foundries have more than they can reasonably do at one time, and have a backlog of work. These are usually in order of arrival, first come, first serve style.
If you are looking for more details, kindly visit Huagong Zhenpin.
Once at the foundry, the sculpture will move through multiple operations. Each must be approached with care and consideration to arrive at a positive outcome. The rubber molds that produce the casting waxes must be carefully constructed to faithfully capture all the original detail. A well constructed mold leads directly to an excellent bronze casting. The rubber mold process by itself may take weeks for a large sculpture.
At each stage, the same amount of care is taken. It may take several months for a large scale sculpture to proceed through the entire process.
The Design
Explain to your selected artist exactly what you want, as well as you are able. If you are not quite sure what you want, then the artist may need to visit the site, or your home, to get an idea of what your tastes are. The artist may make sketches, or a small model, to ensure that there is a clear understanding of what is desired. Take as long as you need on this step... it's important you get it right. Agree on the size. Get out a tapemeasure, or a yardstick and double-check the size you want. Most people are not very good at estimating the size of things. And because it is a dark material, bronze appears to be smaller in person.
To achieve a life-size sculpture it is customary to add ten or twenty percent to the original size.
A preliminary sketch for a 6' sculpture for The Morris Meditation Garden, and the finished sculpture.
The sculpture was close to complete when a decision was made to replace the butterfly in the sketch with a bird.
The cost
An experienced artist will be able to give you a firm figure for the final cost of the sculpture, and that should be all that you have to pay for the artwork. Usually, transportation to the site, and installation costs are not included.
Down payment
Each artist may have a different billing system, but most of the ones I am familiar with break the total cost into thirds. In my own practice you would be required to make a 1/3rd down payment to begin work on the sculpture. This amount is non-refundable. No more money is due until the original wax or clay sculpture is complete, and you (the client) are satisfied with the work.
Second payment
Once you are satisfied that all is to your liking, and the sculpture fulfills the spirit of the original design, a second payment is due. If for some reason at this point, substantial changes are desired, that vary dramatically from the agreed upon design, an additional surcharge may be added. This is not common, but has happened.
Once the sculpture is approved, and payment is received by the artist, the sculpture will proceed to the foundry stage.
When the bronze sculpture is complete, the final payment is due.
The sculpture has been cast in bronze, is completely finished, and paid for. But you still have to get it home. Unless you have made arrangements in advance, typically the artist is not responsible for this. More on this later.
But first, a few notes on the lost wax casting process;
Lost wax casting method in brief;
Bronze sculptors do not sculpt directly in bronze.
A bronze sculpture is the end result of a long process. But it doesn't begin with bronze.The traditional material for sculptors once was wax. A sculptor created a sculpture in wax, and then it was cast using Cire Perdue, or the lost wax casting method. If the casting failed, the sculpture was lost. So masterpieces like Cellini's Saltcellar... The Perseus and Medusa... There is only one in the world. Rubber molds changed all that. A fine rubber mold can pick up the fingerprints of the sculptor. The rubber mold is the most important part of the process. Now sculptors work in whatever material they like. Wood, wax, clay, plaster, ceramics, resins or polymers. A rubber mold is made of the sculpture, and the rubber mold is used to produce... a wax copy. This wax copy is called a casting wax. And because of rubber molds, more than one wax copy can be made. And so, numbered editions were made possible, and sculptors were free to use the material they were most comfortable with. I myself still sculpt mostly in wax.
The Rubber mold
The first step of the lost wax casting process is to make a rubber mold of the sculptor's original sculpture. A common misconception is that molten bronze is then poured into the rubber mold. It's not that simple.
Bronze is poured at degrees. The rubber mold would be destroyed by that much heat. Only wax is poured into the rubber mold.
The case, or mother mold
The case mold is a hard shell, usually of plaster, but sometimes composed of fiberglass resins. It's purpose is simply to hold the flexible rubber in the correct shape. Often there are built in locks that hold the rubber firmly in position.
The casting wax
The rubber mold is used to make an exact replica of the original sculpture, but in wax. This is the wax that will become 'lost' in the lost wax process of creating the bronze sculpture.
Sprues and Gates
Sprues and gates consist of a network of wax channels that are added to the various pieces of the casting wax. They will be the paths that the molten bronze will follow to flow into the casting.
Ceramic shell investment
This wax is completely immersed into a vat of ceramic slurry, similar to 'slip' used in porcelain ware. It is dipped into this material repeatedly, and allowed to dry between each coating, until layer by layer a thick ceramic coating is built up. This becomes the shell, or basically, another mold, that the bronze is poured into.
Since the wax was totally immersed in the ceramic slurry, there are no seams on this mold.
The burnout
When the wax is 'lost'.
When the shell is placed in an oven, called a 'burnout chamber', the shell is fired, and the wax simultaneously melts out and leaves a negative space.
This ceramic shell is what the molten bronze is poured into.
There are no seams in this final mold, or ceramic shell, so once the bronze has cooled it has to be chiseled away to reveal the sculpture. So you can see, there are many steps involved just in this last step.
The pour
The shells are fired in the oven, the wax is 'lost', the bronze ingots have been heated to degrees in a container called a crucible. The shells are carefully placed, the molten bronze is poured, and if all goes well, and the shells do not break open or explode... then you have a successful cast.
Assembly and metal finishing
Ancient bronze sculptures, no matter how large, were cast in one piece. Most modern bronzes are cast in sections,and assembled like a jigsaw puzzle by skilled metal workers. One reason for this is that it is far safer to have 100 lbs of molten bronze to deal with than lbs.
Also once the bronze is cast and cooled, the sprues and gates, now solid bronze, have to be cut away. The sculpture is welded together using bronze welding rod. The welds are then textured using hand held high speed grinders to match the original texture.
Patina
Left to itself long enough in the elements, a bronze sculpture will slowly turn green, or verdigris. This is called an acquired patina. For our purposes, we will use a chemically induced patina, so we can control the process.
The bronze is heated and treated with an array of chemicals to achieve the desired surface coloration.
Then it is coated with protective layers of lacquer or wax, or both, to help preserve the finish.
This is the final step, and the sculpture is complete.
Upon completion, the final payment is due
To sum up;
Although it can go faster, it can be a lengthy process, and the timetable can be uncertain. So if you have a definite date in mind, it's best to start early. (Addendum: I can now say from personal experience that a global pandemic is one situation that will definitely adversely affect the completion of the sculpture.)
The basic steps;
Contact your selected artist.
Agree upon a sculpture design and ultimate price.
The artist will require a down payment to begin work, typically 1/3rd of the agreed upon fee.
The artist will create the sculpture, hopefully giving you regular progress updates.
When the artist is satisfied with the sculpture, he will call you in to view the work.
At this point everything depends on you. Does it accurately reflect the design you and the artist discussed? Do you like it? Be honest with the artist. Remember that some artists accept criticism better than others, but you have feedback on that from the artist's references, right? Most artists who specialize in custom commissions will be happy to work with you to achieve your vision.
When you approve the sculpture, the next 1/3rd payment will be due.
Then the original sculpture will proceed to the foundry.
(Fast forward past the lost wax casting process.)
Now the sculpture is complete, and the final payment is due.
If the sculpture is small, tabletop, desktop or mantelpiece size, take it home and admire it. If it is a large scale sculpture, you are not yet finished.
Installations
Unless you have made specific prior plans for transportation and installation of the sculpture, this is typically not included in the price. Large sculptures require complicated travel arrangements. It is possible that special large trucks, insurance, site preparation, on site cranes for installation will be needed. Public sculptures often require an engineer to analyze the site and installation procedures.
Outdoor bronzes should be installed using stainless steel fasteners to avoid galvanic corrosion, which can accelerate deterioration of the sculpture or fasteners. (Exception: do not use stainless steel with aluminum sculptures.)
Professional installation is important, especially if the sculpture will be exposed to the public, to reduce liability issues. Will children be playing around, or on, the sculpture? Better safe than sorry.
Most artists would be out of their depth in such matters, and rely on experts. You should too.
The artist or the foundry can make arrangements for you here, if you need assistance.
The artist will also wish to take photographs of the finished and installed sculpture for their portfolio.
Afterward:
Long term care
Most of the long term care of bronze is only concerned with the appearance of the surface finish, or patina. Bronze is an extremely stable alloy of copper and tin, sometimes with traces of zinc or silicon added. You can basically ignore it for a thousand years, and it won't be much the worse for wear, with a few exceptions. If conditions are just right, or wrong, and the sculpture is exposed to dissimilar metals, galvanic corrosion can eat away at a metal quite rapidly. Proper installation with stainless steel fasteners can avoid this.
The patina is the finish that was applied to the sculpture by the artist and the foundry's patina master. Bronze is a metal that tarnishes like silver. This tarnish, or patina, can take on different hues depending on what the metal is exposed to. By careful application of a blend of heat and chemicals, the patina can be artfully controlled.
The most basic patina, and one of the most durable, is the rich reddish brown color that most people think of when they visualize bronze. However, variations of greens and blues, deep reds and yellows can be achieved. Bronze can also be highly polished like brass, but with a slightly richer, darker result. Once the desired patina is achieved the sculpture is coated with wax or lacquer to preserve the finish. The patina will continue to age even under this coating, as the process is only slowed. The more complex the patina, the more fragile it is, and the more maintenance it will require to keep the original appearance. It is wise to stick to simple patinas for outdoor sculptures.
There are two schools of thought about preserving outdoor sculptures. Some feel that sculpture should always look just as if it were set in place yesterday. They may feel a poorly maintained sculpture looks neglected and unsightly. That may be a valid opinion, but you can spend a lot of time and effort trying to keep outdoor sculpture looking new.
Exposed to the elements, the protective coatings will only last for a few years and must be renewed periodically. If the sculpture is near water, especially pools, fountains or sprinklers, the coatings will degrade more rapidly. The chlorine in the water will quickly begin to turn the bronze green.
There are those who feel that the elements should be allowed to do their work on bronze, to turn, to blacken, and streak the sculpture with green where the rains run down the surface, until they look as ancient as the hills. There is a certain majestic grandeur in a bronze sculpture standing eternally against the effects of time.
Personally I think it depends on the sculpture. You must make up your own mind.
If you opt for like new, then get well acquainted with an accredited conservator, or a local bronze foundry. The conservator has been trained and has a degree... The patina master at the foundry does patinas and patina repair all day every day for very particular artists.
Either will be able to perform regular maintenance as required.
Limited Editions
Often, the artist will put a limit on the number of reproductions of the sculpture that will be made, which is called a limited edition. In a limited edition, the edition size and the number of each piece will be marked on the sculpture. A sculpture marked 1/6 means it is the first casting of 6 total sculptures, 2/6 being the second casting, and so on.
It is also possible that a few extra castings may exist, which were basically experimental models, while the artist toyed with possible variations. These would be marked as A.P., or 'Artist's Proofs', abbreviated. More rarely, some foundries maintain a set of Foundry Proofs. These would seldom if ever appear for sale.
After the proofs, if any, and all edition numbers have been cast, the molds are destroyed.
The French Legal system places strict regulations on what can be called a classic 'limited edition' and in France the maximum limited edition size is 6 castings.
Most places however, allow limited editions of almost any size, as long as the edition doesn't exceed the stated limit. So it becomes a decision of the individual artist.
To bring a bronze sculpture into existence is an expensive, arduous and time consuming process. A custom commission is a boon for the artist, because it involves at least partial recompense up front. But most artists create work for themselves as well, which they sell on the open market, with varying degrees of success.
One artist may opt for higher edition numbers and low per piece prices, while another may be able to command higher prices for lower edition numbers.
Copyright
Without very specific prior arrangements, the copyright to all original sculptures belongs to the artist. All rights to reproduction of the sculpture belong to the artist. All rights to all use of the image of the sculpture belong to the artist.
From the moment the artwork is created by an artist copyright protection is in effect. It lasts for the lifetime of the artist, plus 70 years.
Sometimes the artist relinquishes or assigns some of their rights to another entity, usually for a considerable monetary consideration. This must be done through a legal contract, like a Copyright Release or Assignment, where specific terms are set. The artist will at minimum retain the use of the image of the sculpture in their promotions.
Copyrights can and do expire, and some artworks are reproduced without permission, after the artist is long dead. The Frederick Remington and Charles M. Russell recasts are a notable example.
The original molds of these particular sculptures disappeared years ago. To make additional castings, someone made new molds from original bronze castings. From the new molds waxes were pulled, and went through the lost wax casting process just like any bronze casting.
In essence, a bronze cast from another bronze, not an original wax.
A secondary casting from a mold made from a primary sculpture casting is known as a 'surmoulage'... literally 'overmould'. They can be detected by careful measurement. There is a known shrinkage factor in the lost wax bronze casting process.
When the casting wax is poured, it shrinks 5%. When the bronze is poured, and cools, it shrinks 5%. Combined, the shrinkage factor is a noticeable 10%.
So a surmoulage will be at minimum 10% smaller than the original bronze sculpture it duplicates.
Modern methods of digital scanning might be able to compensate for the variances, which is where provenance comes into play. Most authentic Remington or Russell bronzes are well known, and their whereabouts are firmly established.
The newer castings, or surmoulages, are worth a fraction of the value of an original cast during the artist's lifetime.
Original Remington's were cast in low numbers, and most of them are in museums. You can buy a reproduction for a few thousand dollars, and they are overpriced at that.
Hopefully, this has answered any questions you may have about bronze sculpture... If I have missed something, please contact and let me know.
Frequently Asked Questions...